ESTUARIES IN SUBTROPICAL REGION

MBASHE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o15'S;28o54'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Poor catchment management has led to siltation of the estuary)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Dardis & Plumstead (1988)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Plumstead (1984), Plumstead (1990), Plumstead et al. (1989a), Steinke (1972)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Connell et al. (1976b), Connell et al. (1976d), Connell et al. (1978b), Connell et al. (1980a), Connell et al. (1981b), Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b), Marais & Prinsloo (1980)

KU-MPENZU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o14'S;28o55'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Causeway crosses the upper reaches of the system)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MBHANYANA (KU-BHULA) ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o14'S;28o56'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: This system falls within the Cwebe Nature Reserve)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

NTLONYANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o12'S;28o57'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Much of the floodplain and surrounding area used for cattle grazing)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

NKANYA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o11'S;28o58'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: This system is in near pristine condition)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

XORA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o10'S;29o00'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: An exceptionally important system in need of further study)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

BULUNGULA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o08'S;29o01'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

KU-AMANZIMUZAMA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o07'S;29o02'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MNCWASA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o05'S;29o04'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MPAKO ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 32o03'S;29o07'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

NENGA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o59'S;29o09'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Floodplain and estuary impacted by road and other infrastructural developments)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MAPUZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o58'S;29o10'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: This system is used by commercial fishermen as a ski boat launch site)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MTATA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o57'S;29o10'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Water quality and catchment management issues need to be addressed)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Plumstead (1984), Plumstead et al. (1989b), Robertson (1996)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Marais & Prinsloo (1980), Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MDUMBI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o56'S;29o13'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Portion of the floodplain is used for subsistence agriculture)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Robertson (1996)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

LWANDILANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o54'S;29o14'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

LWANDILE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o54'S;29o14'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MTAKATYE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o51'S;29o16'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

HLULEKA (MAJUSINI) ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o50'S;29o18'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MNENU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o48'S;29o20'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MTONGA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o40'S;29o28'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MPANDE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o45'S;29o21'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Some of the floodplain has been used for subsistence agriculture)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

SINANGWANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o45'S;29o21'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Some of the floodplain has been used for subsistence agriculture)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MNGAZANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o42'S;29o25'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Good

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Diverse flora and fauna contribute to great conservation potential)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Dye (1983a)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Branch & Grindley (1979), Dye (1979), Dye (1983b), Dye (1983c), Emmerson (1990), Emmerson & McGwynne (1992), Wooldridge (1977)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Connell et al. (1978e), Connell et al. (1980a), Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MNGAZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o41'S;29o27'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Coastal resort of Umngazi River Bungalows situated at the mouth)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

BULOLO ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o39'S;29o30'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Two traffic causeways traverse the system)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Robertson (1996), Whitfield (1979)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MTAMBANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o39'S;29o30'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Camp site and caravan park situated on the estuary floodplain)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Whitfield (1979)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MZIMVUBU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o38'S;29o33'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: River mouth INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: System suffers from excessive siltation due to poor catchment management)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Robertson (1996)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Connell et al. (1978d), Connell et al. (1980a), Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

NTLUPENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o37'S;29o34'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: This estuary is a popular recreational venue for the local community)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

NKODUSWENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o36'S;29o35'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MNTAFUFU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o34'S;29o38'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Wide variety of natural habitats make this a very valuable estuary)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Plumstead (1984), Plumstead et al. (1991)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MZINTLAVA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o32'S;29o41'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baselines studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

UMZIMPUNZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o29'S;29o42'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MBOTYI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o28'S;29o43'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Wooldridge (1974)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MKOZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o27'S;29o44'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MYEKANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o27'S;29o45'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

LUPATANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o26'S;29o50'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MKWENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o24'S;29o52'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Robertson (1996)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MSIKABA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o18'S;29o58'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Forms the southern boundary of the Mkambati Nature Reserve)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Blaber et al. (1974), Robertson (1996), Wooldridge (1974), Wooldridge (1976)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MGWEGWE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o17'S;30o00'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Situated within the Mkambati Nature Reserve)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MGWETYANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o16'S;30o02'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Situated within the Mkambati Nature Reserve)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MTENTU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o15'S;30o03'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Forms the northern boundary of the Mkambati Nature Reserve)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Connell (1974)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Connell et al. (1980a), Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

SIKOMBE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o11'S;30o04'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

KWANYANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o11'S;30o06'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MNYAMENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o10'S;30o08'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MPAHLANYANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o08'S;30o09'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MPAHLANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o07'S;30o09'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Nil

CONDITION: Excellent? (Remarks: Baseline studies urgently required)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MZAMBA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o06'S;30o10'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Water quality issues need to be addressed)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Klinger & Kennedy (1980)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Plumstead (1984), Plumstead et al. (1991), Robertson (1996)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Begg (1986a), Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MTENTWANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o05'S;30o10'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Infrastructural developments by Wild Coast Sun Hotel)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Klinger & Kennedy (1980)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Harrison et al. (1998a), Harrison et al. (1998b)

MTAMVUNA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o04'S;30o11'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Excellent (Remarks: Northern bank forms part of the Mtamvuna Nature Reserve)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Cooper (1993a), Hemens et al. (1986), National Research Institute for Oceanology (1981a)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Robertson (1996)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Hemens et al. (1975h)

ZOLWANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o04'S;30o12'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Private ownership with definite conservation potential)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

SANDLUNDLU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o02'S;30o13'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Private ownership with dune conservation potential)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

KU-BOBOYI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o02'S;30o14'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Impact of sugar cane cultivation on this estuary needs attention)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

TONGAZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 31o00'S;30o15'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Estuary surrounded by atypical lagoonal plant community)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

KANDANDHLOVU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o59'S;30o16'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Siltation from banana plantations requires attention)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MPENJATI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o58'S;30o17'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Has conservation potential)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

UMHLANGANKULU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o56'S;30o18'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Estuary forms part of the San Lameer holiday resort)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

KABA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o56'S;30o18'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: The system is adversely affected by weir construction and siltation)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MBIZANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o55'S;30o20'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Siltation of the estuary is a major problem)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MVUTSHINI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o53'S;30o20'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Important recreational area)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

BILANHLOLO ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o53'S;30o21'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Important recreational area)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

UVUZANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o52'S;30o21'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Siltation of estuary a major problem)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

KONGWENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o51'S;30o22'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Surrounded by urban area and highly disturbed)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Cooper et al. (1994a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

VUNGU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o50'S;30o23'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: High aesthetic and recreational value)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MHLANGENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o49'S;30o23'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Highly disturbed but important recreational value)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

ZOTSHA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o47'S;30o25'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: An important estuarine system on the KwaZulu-Natal south coast)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Harrison (1993), Harrison & Cooper (1991), Harrison & Whitfield (1995)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

BOBOYI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o46'S;30o26'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Catchment in poor condition)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MBANGO ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o45'S;30o27'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Catchment in poor condition)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MZIMKULU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o44'S;30o27'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Water pollution and siltation are major problems)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Connell et al. (1975b), Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), National Research Institute for Oceanology (1977)

MTENTWENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o42'S;30o28'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Degradation linked to sand accumulation and urban encroachment)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MHLANGAMKULU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o41'S;30o29'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Undisturbed plant communities in upper reaches)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

DAMBA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o40'S;30o30'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Important swamp forest on south bank)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Harrison (1993), Harrison & Whitfield (1995)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

KOSHWANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o39'S;30o31'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Siltation and sewage problems)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

INTSHAMBILI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o38'S;30o32'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Valuable swamp forest community and well conserved catchment)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MZUMBE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o36'S;30o33'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Siltation problems arising from severe erosion in the catchment)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1981b)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1981c)

MHLABATSHANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o35'S;30o34'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Important for recreation)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MHLUNGWA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o33'S;30o35'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Siltation problems)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Environmental Advisory Services (1990c)

MFAZAZANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o31'S;30o36'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Road and rail communications across estuary)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

KWA-MAKOSI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o31'S;30o36'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Road and rail communications across estuary)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MNAMFU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o30'S;30o37'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Impacts of road and rail construction are apparent)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MTWALUME ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o29'S;30o38'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Heavily silted but rehabilitation of this important system is possible)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MVUZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o28'S;30o38'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Mouth area has been modified by railway construction)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

FAFA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o27'S;30o39'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Botanical and recreational value)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Archibald & Warwick (1975a), Archibald & Warwick (1975b), Archibald & Warwick (1975c), Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Hemens et al. (1975g)

MDESINGANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o25'S;30o40'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: A weir construction across the middle of the estuary should be removed)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

SEZELA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o25'S;30o41'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: A marked improvement has occurred following rehabilitation actions)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Ramm et al. (1977)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MKUMBANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o24'S;30o41'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Siltation problems)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MZINTO ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o22'S;30o42'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Has considerable ecological value if human impacts can be reduced)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MZIMAYI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o20'S;30o43'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: This small system has recreational potential)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MPAMBANYONI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o16'S;30o45'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: One of the most degraded estuaries on the KwaZulu-Natal coast)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1983a)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MAHLONGWA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o15'S;30o46'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Wetland reclamation associated with sugar cane cultivation a problem)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1981b)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MAHLONGWANA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o14'S;30o48'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Sugar cane encroachment on the floodplain)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MKOMAZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o12'S;30o49'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Siltation and localized industrial pollution need attention)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1982a)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Burton (1960), Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

NGANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o10'S;30o49'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Faecal contamination and bilharzia infestation require investigation)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

UMGABABA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o09'S;30o50'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Has considerable conservation potential)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Grobbler (1987)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Connell et al. (1976e), Connell et al. (1978c), Connell et al. (1981c), Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1982b), Grobbler et al. (1988)

MSIMBAZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o08'S;30o50'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Road and railway developments affect hydrodynamics within the system)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

LOVU ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o07'S;30o51'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Serious siltation and pollution problems need to be solved)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Grobler (1987), National Research Institute for Oceanology (1982b)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

LITTLE MANZIMTOTI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o05'S;30o52'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: An example of how to destroy a natural asset)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Environmental Advisory Services (1992b), Ramm et al. (1992)

MANZIMTOTI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o04'S;30o53'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Should be considered for rehabilitation as a recreational asset)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MBOKODWENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o01'S;30o56'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Degraded due to siltation, pollution and mouth manipulation)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

SIPINGO ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 30o00'S;30o57'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Modified permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Mlazi canal diverts water previously entering the Sipingo estuary)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Naidoo & Raiman (1982)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Ward (1971)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Kallicharran (1990), Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission (1987)

DURBAN BAY ESTUARINE SYSTEM

LOCALITY: 29o52'S;31o04'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Estuarine bay INFORMATION: Good

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Remaining bayhead mangroves declared a Natural Heritage Site)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Cockcroft & Forbes (1981a)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Beckley et al. (1995), Begg (1984a), Cockcroft & Forbes (1981b), Cyrus & Forbes 1996, Day & Morgans (1956), Guastella (1994), Joubert (1964), Steinke (1975), Weerts et al. (1997)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Anon. (1974b), Connell et al. (1979a), Environmental Advisory Services (1990b), Institute of Natural Resources (1993a), Institute of Natural Resources (1993c)

MGENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o48'S;30o02'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Good

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Catchment dams have transformed this previously permanently open estuary)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Cooper (1987a), Cooper (1988), Cooper (1993a), Cooper & Mason (1985), Cooper & McMillan (1987), Cooper et al. (1990), Mann & Steinke (1989), Mann & Steinke (1992), Mann & Steinke (1993), Naidoo (1980), Naidoo & Raiman (1982), Oliff et al. (1975), Schoonbee (1963), Swart (1987), National Research Institute for Oceanology (1982c)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Brown (1971), Harrison (1991), Moll (1972), Phillips et al. (1994), Phillips et al. (1996), Singh & Steinke (1992), Singh et al. (1991), Steinke (1988), Steinke et al. (1983), Steinke et al. (1990), Steinke & Charles (1984), Steinke & Charles (1986a), Steinke & Charles (1986b), Steinke & Rajh (1995), Steinke et al. (1993), Steinke et al. (1995)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper (1986), Cooper & Mason (1986), Cooper & Mason (1987), Cooper et al. (1993), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1984c), Edwards & Moll (1972), Hemens et al. (1975f), National Research Institute for Oceanology (1975a), National Research Institute for Oceanology (1975b)

MHLANGA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o42'S;31o06'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Good

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Estuary forms part of a Natal Parks Board nature reserve)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Cooper (1989)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Cooper & Harrison (1992), Harrison (1993), Harrison & Whitfield (1995), Whitfield (1980a), Whitfield (1980b), Whitfield (1980c), Whitfield (1982)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper (1987b), Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Environmental Advisory Services (1992a)

MDLOTI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o38'S;31o08'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Siltation, pollution and sugar cane encroachment are problems)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Grobbler (1987), National Research Institute for Oceanology (1982d)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Blaber et al. (1984)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1985c)

TONGATI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o33'S;31o11'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Degraded due to pollution and siltation but suitable for rehabilitation)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1982e)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a), Blaber et al. (1984)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MHLALI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o27'S;31o16'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Problems include siltation and sugar cane encroachment)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1983b), Schmidt (1985)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

SETENI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o25'S;31o18'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: The only apparent problem is siltation)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

MVOTI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o24'S;31o21'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: River mouth INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Supports a wide variety of birdlife despite severe organic pollution)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1983c), Cooper (1993b), Cooper (1994a)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

MDLOTANE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o21'S;31o22'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: A good example of a well preserved system on the KwaZulu-Natal north coast)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Environmental Advisory Services (1991a)

NONOTI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o17'S;31o25'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Encouraging signs of recovery from a severely polluted condition)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

ZINKWASI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o16'S;31o27'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Organic pollution gives rise to periods of anoxia in the water column)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: National Research Institute for Oceanology (1981d)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Begg (1984a)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b)

TUGELA (THUKELA) ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o13'S;30o30'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: River mouth INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Poor (Remarks: Excessive siltation and organic pollution are major problems)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Cooper et al. (1993a), Cooper et al. (1993b), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1983b)

MATIGULU/NYONI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 29o04'S;31o38'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Siltation from the catchment is of concern)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Hemens et al. (1975e)

SIYAYA ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 28o58'S;31o45'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Temporarily open/closed estuary INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Restoration of this estuary and its catchment is far advanced)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Schleyer & Roberts (1987)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Schleyer (1986a), Connell et al. (1980b)

MLALAZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 28o57'S;31o48'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Permanently open estuary INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: An important conservation and recreational area)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Hill (1966), Weerts et al. (1997)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Hemens et al. (1975d), Ward (1960)

MHLATHUZE ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 28o49'S;32o05'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Estuarine bay INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Excessive siltation has led to loss of certain estuarine habitats)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Grindley & Wooldridge (1974), Millard & Harrison (1954), Steinke & Ward (1988), van der Elst (1977)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Connell et al. (1975a), Connell et al. (1976c), Hemens et al. (1975b), Hemens et al. (1975c), Institute of Natural Resources (1993e), McClurg et al. (1982), Venter (1972)

RICHARDS BAY ESTUARINE SYSTEM

LOCALITY: 28o49'S;32o05'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Estuarine bay INFORMATION: Good

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Expansion of the harbour berths will lead to further loss of habitat)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: van Tonder et al. (1986)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Cyrus & Forbes 1996, Demetriades (1990), Grindley & Wooldridge (1974), Harris & Cyrus (1997), Millard & Harrison (1954), Steinke & Ward (1988), McClurg (1979), Weerts et al. (1997)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Anon. (1972a), Anon. (1974c), Anon. (1978), Connell et al. (1976g), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1972), Environmental Advisory Services (1993), Hemens et al. (1975b), Hemens et al. (1975c), Institute of Natural Resources (1993b), Institute of Natural Resources (1993d), Institute of Natural Resources (1993e), McClurg et al. (1982)

NHLABANE ESTUARINE SYSTEM

LOCALITY: 28o40'S;32o16'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Estuarine lake system INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Restoration of the system possible by removal of the RBM barrage)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Chater & van der Elst (1995), Cyrus & Wepener (1997)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Environmental Advisory Services (1990a), Walmsley Environmental Consultants (1993)

MFOLOZI ESTUARY

LOCALITY: 28o24'S;32o25'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: River mouth INFORMATION: Poor

CONDITION: Fair (Remarks: Swamp destruction and siltation have been major problems)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Lindsay et al. (1996a), Lindsay et al. (1996b), van Heerden (1993), Wright (1995)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL:

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS:

ST LUCIA ESTUARINE SYSTEM

LOCALITY: 28o18'S;32o26'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Estuarine lake system INFORMATION: Excellent

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: The most important estuarine system in KwaZulu-Natal due to its size)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Anderson (1990), Anon. (1965), Anon. (1970a), Anon. (1975), Badenhorst (1988b), Brown (1969), Cyrus & Blaber (1988), Cyrus & Blaber (1992), Fielding et al. (1991), Hobday (1965), Hobday (1975), Hutchison & Midgley (1978), Hutchison & Pitman (1977), James & Horne (1969), Kokot (1959), McGill (1980), McGill (1982), Pitman (1980), Sauermann (1966), Sauermann (1967), van Heerden (1993), van Heerden & Swart (1986), Wright (1990), Wright (1993), Wright (1995), Wright & Mason (1990), Wright & Mason (1993), Wright et al. (1990)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Anon. (1970b), Anon. (1979), Anon. (1981), Benfield et al. (1990), Berruti (1980a), Berruti (1980b), Berruti (1983), Beven (1944a), Beven (1944b), Bickerton (1989), Blaber (1976), Blaber (1979), Blaber (1981a), Blaber et al. (1983), Blaber & Raynor (1979), Blaber & Whitfield (1976), Boltt (1975), Chiazzari (1952), Cholnoky (1968), Chubb (1943), Connell (1996), Cyrus (1984), Cyrus (1988a), Cyrus (1991a), Cyrus (1991b), Cyrus & Blaber (1987b), Cyrus & McLean (1994), Cyrus & McLean (1996), Day et al. (1954), Demetriades (1990), Feely (1962), Fielding et al. (1990), Forbes (1982), Forbes (1989), Forbes & Benfield (1986a), Forbes & Benfield (1986b), Forbes & Cyrus (1991), Forbes & Cyrus (1992), Forbes & Hay (1988), Forrest (1969a), Garland (1944), Grindley & Heydorn (1970), Harris & Cyrus (1994), Harris & Cyrus (1995), Harris & Cyrus (1996), Hay (1985), Hill (1979b), Johnson (1977), Joubert (1967), Joubert & Davies (1966), Kennedy (1983), Mann (1993a), Mann (1993b), Mann (1995), Martin et al. (1992), Millard & Broekhuysen (1970), Moll (1970), Olivier & van Niekerk (1995), Owen (1992), Owen & Forbes (1997), Pooley (1973), Pooley (1982), Porter & Forrest (1974), Skelton et al. (1989), Steinke & Naidoo (1990), Steinke & Ward (1987), Steinke & Ward (1988), Steinke & Ward (1989), Taylor (1980a), Taylor (1980b), Taylor (1981), Tooth (1946), van der Elst (1972), Whitfield (1977a), Whitfield (1978b), Whitfield (1988c), Whitfield & Blaber (1978a), Whitfield & Blaber (1978b), Whitfield & Blaber (1978c), Whitfield & Blaber (1978d), Whitfield & Blaber (1978e), Whitfield & Blaber (1979a), Whitfield & Blaber (1979b), Whitfield & Blaber (1979c), Whitfield & Blaber (1980), Whitfield & Cyrus (1978), Whitfield & Heeg (1977)

(c) SYNTHESES/REVIEWS: Anon. (1970c), Anon. (1973), Begg (1978), Bond (1973), Cooper (1970), Crass (1970), Crass (1978), Cyrus (1989), Day (1981h), Draper (1965), Forbes et al. (1987), Forbes & Cyrus (1993), Forrest (1969b), Harty (1952), Kokot (1952), Mann (1996), Orme (1975a), Owen & Forbes (1997), Robertson (1971), Robertson (1977), Starfield et al. (1989), Taljaard & Slinger (1997), Taylor (1982), Taylor (1987), Taylor (1991), Taylor (1993), Taylor et al. (1987), Tinley (1971), van der Merwe (1967), Vincent (1980), Whitfield (1977c), Whitfield (1980d), Whitfield (1999)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Anon. (1951), Anon. (1960), Anon. (1962), Anon. (1969), Anon. (1970d), Anon. (1972b), Berruti (1982), Cameron-Dow (1974), Connell et al. (1979b), Cowan (1995), CSIR Environmental Services (1993a), CSIR Environmental Services (1993b), CSIR Environmental Services (1993c), Davies (1964), Department of Water Affairs (1978), Department of Water Affairs (1984), Department of Water Affairs (1985), Dinkele (1977), Dutton (1964), Hutchison (1977), Jacobi (1971), Joubert (1953), Kriel (1966), Pooley & Forrest (1972), Lindley & Scott (1987), Mann-Lang (1997), Taylor (1983), Loudon (1984), Natal Parks Board (1976a), Natal Parks Board (1976b), Robson (1949), Teal (1962), van Bonde (1940), van der Elst (1978b), van Zyl (1973), Vogel & van Urk (1975), Wager (1960), Wallace (1969), Whitfield (1977b)

MGOBEZELENI ESTUARINE SYSTEM

LOCALITY: 27o32'S;32o40'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Estuarine lake system INFORMATION: Moderate

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Estuary mouth area highly disturbed by human activities)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL:

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Bruton (1980), Bruton & Appleton (1975)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Bruton (1975), Bruton (1976)

KOSI ESTUARINE SYSTEM

LOCALITY: 26o54'S;32o48'E REGION: Subtropical

CLASSIFICATION: Estuarine lake system INFORMATION: Excellent

CONDITION: Good (Remarks: Maintains a diverse flora and fauna)

AVAILABLE LITERATURE

(a) PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL: Ramm (1992), Butler et al. (1983)

(b) BIOLOGICAL/ECOLOGICAL: Blaber (1978), Blaber (1982a), Blaber & Cyrus (1981), Boltt & Allanson (1975), Breen & Hill (1969), Broekhuysen & Taylor (1959), Cyrus (1980), Cyrus & Blaber (1983a), Cyrus & Blaber (1984b), Cyrus & Blaber (1984c), Forbes (1979), Forbes & Cyrus (1991), Garratt (1993), Harman et al. (1982), Harris et al. (1995), Jackson (1984), Kyle (1980), Kyle (1989a), Kyle (1989b), Kyle (1996), Kyle & Robertson (1997), Steinke & Ward (1973), Ward et al. (1986), Whitfield (1978c), Wallace et al. (1971)

(d) REPORTS/DOCUMENTS: Anon. (1971a), Anon. (1971b), Begg (1982), Campbell & Allanson (1952), Connell et al. (1976f), Cowan (1995), Hemens et al. (1975a), Kyle (1993b), Mann-Lang (1997), Munnik (1993), Tinley (1976), Wager (1972)